Therefore, when people discuss the science of man, they argue that man is the sum product of biological evolution in a physical universe. However both biology and physics are deterministic systems, and so there is no discussion of psychological motivation without reference to the deterministic system of the empirical universe. From this perspective, we are forced to conclude rather illogical foundations for motivation - surival exclusively for the gene for instance. If we believe in volition, then we run into two paradoxes here: A ) the paradox of trying to "validate" information when one's processes are already predetermined; B ) whether we can be self-directed when the system of self-direction itself is hard-wired to submit to an external purpose. People become worker ants when we live for survival of our genes (i.e. when our entire purpose of living is derived from strictly empirical observations). Personally I find this distasteful. Likewise, observers of consciousness (meditators, etc.) tend to claim something else entirely by scientific process of observation and validation of phenomenal events which of course cannot be dealt with empirically. So you see, science as a "methodology applicable to all apprehensions" actually conflicts with science as a "methodology exclusive to empirical observations." Exclusively referencing Evolutionary Theory to understand man's purpose fits the latter science. I believe you're quite right - science is usually viewed as a "body of knowledge" and not as an activity that defines humans - but maybe the latter could be a profitable way to look at it. I think our science of man is in it's infancy as yet and I think it's because, as you intimated, that studying ourselves is more difficult than studying other natural phenomena. It's difficult to be both the subject and the object of the process, n'est ce pas??